Napoleonic, WSS & ECW wargaming, with a load of old Hooptedoodle on this & that
Monday, 4 June 2012
Hooptedoodle #55 - An Unfamiliar Bug
Just another from my occasional series of dumb observations on Nature. We've had a little excitement last week since we've had siskins on the garden nut feeders, which is very unusual here in the Land of Mud, but today I saw something I've just never seen before. Here he is - about 3mm across, round and very flat, with some little spidery legs at the front. He was walking on the curtains in our attic. Anyone ever seen anything like this before? - it is suggested that it may be some kind of tick - I really wouldn't know.
If these are commonplace, and everyone knows what they are - if there are likely to be specimens living in my navel, for example - then I shall express amused surprise and move lightly on, having learned something, but it's certainly not anything I've seen before.
In case anyone is anxious, we released it carefully and gently in the garden, of course, so I certainly hope it's not dangerous...
Solo Campaign - the Battle of Allariz
The Battle of Allariz, Friday
8th May 1812
Nicolas Guye (waving his hat) with the King's Guard at Allariz
Sir
Thomas Graham, with the First and Seventh Divisions of the Allied army, plus
the cavalry brigades of Von Bock (KGL Dragoons) and Col Otway (Portuguese),
defended a position near the village
of Allariz , close to the Portuguese
border, on the road between Orense and Braga . He had a total of
some 11500 men with 12 guns, and he also had available the support of a small Spanish
force of good quality troops under the command of the Conde de Espana, a
further 6000 men with 10 guns. Espana's troops were quartered some distance
from Allariz, at Arabaldo on the River Minho, and had to march to the field to
join the Anglo-Portuguese army.
In this
campaign, whenever an Anglo-Portuguese force is to collaborate with a Spanish
force in battle, a dice is thrown to test the level of co-ordination between
the commanders. In this instance, given the distance travelled, it was
determined that from the 7th turn onward, a dice would be thrown to test for
the arrival of Espana. A throw of 6 would be successful arrival, and the position
of arrival (left, centre, right) would also be diced for - thereafter Spanish
units may be called onto the table in the requisite sector as Command Cards
allowed - generals can arrive on the table attached to units.
The
opposition included contingents from the Armee de Portugal (AdP), Armee du
Centre (AdC) and Armee du Nord (AdN), all under the command of Marshal Marmont
- a total of approximately 17850 men with 24 guns. The French were greatly
superior in both cavalry and artillery. The forces met at approximately 10
o'clock, on a fine, clear morning.
[CCN stuff: Because this battle is
large by normal CCN standards, I did away with the additional
"converged" light battalions which I normally field for each brigade,
and adopted the normal CCN rule that all light regiments on both sides are
classed as LT (I usually classify French legere units as Line). Both armies had
units depleted by previous campaign action - I combined the single remaining
subunit of the British 51st Foot (W Yorks LI)
with one of the KGL light battalions. The nature of the field can be seen in
the pictures - each side received 6 cards, the French moved first, and victory
was set at 9 Victory Banners. The Allies, initially, have 5 designated Leaders
- Graham, Henry Campbell, Hope, Halkett, Von Bock - and the French 5 - Marmont,
Foy, Guye, Montbrun, Maupoint]
Graham
placed his army on a line of hills - the First Division with the artillery on
his right, the Seventh Division on his left. The Portuguese cavalry was held
behind his centre, the German dragoons on the right flank. Col Halkett with the
1st Lt Bn of the KGL was placed in an advanced position in a wood on the right.
Marmont
had Guye's Spanish Divn, including King Joseph's Guard, on his left, with Foy's
Divn of the Armee de Portugal on the right. He placed Maupoint's light cavalry
on the left end of his line, and Curto's brigade of light cavalry on the right,
while Montbrun had personal command of the heavy cavalry in the centre.
Aware
that De Espana's Spanish force was on the way, Marmont commenced a very
vigorous attack on the Allied left (including a Bayonet Charge Command Card).
Chemineau's brigade took heavy losses in this attack [and after 3 turns they were 3-1 down on Victory Banners], but
eventually pushed Hope's men off the ridge [making
good use of Combined Arms attacks using infantry with horse artillery].
While this was proceeding, Von Bock got involved in a bloody and unnecessary
fight with the French cavalry on the opposite flank. The French 5e
Chevauxlegers-Lanciers [who may not have
existed in May 1812?] performed very poorly, and were resoundingly defeated
in a single charge, but the two light units of the Duchy of Stralsund-Ruegen
rescued the situation for the French, and after a long and fierce struggle they
eliminated the KGL dragoons - Von Bock was mortally wounded during this action.
As the
Allied left gave way, Montbrun attacked their centre with the bulk of the
cavalry - this started badly, as the 13e Cuirassiers were shattered by fire
from MacDonald's Troop of RHA, but the 25e Dragons, supported by Curto's light
cavalry, routed Otway's Portuguese horse and swept round behind the end of the
line of the Allied First Division. At this point, very belatedly, the Allies
finally managed to roll a 6 to cue the Spanish reinforcements, and it
transpired that De Espana's men would appear from behind Graham's right flank.
Sadly, it was all too late - none of the Spanish troops made it onto the table
before the French gained the requisite 9th Victory Banner, to give them a
decisive win by 9-5. The Allied First Division, with the single exception of
the 24th Foot, were never seriously engaged, neither were Guye's French
Division, who opposed them - the action was decided elswhere.
Graham,
with no cavalry left, was left to withdraw as best he could - because of the
disparity in cavalry strength, and the decisive result, the Allies were not
allowed the customary "battlefield recovery" step, which allows a
proportion of lost "blocks" to return to the ranks, so some of Graham's
units were completely destroyed in the battle.
OOBs
French
Army - Marshal
Auguste Viesse de Marmont
Division
Foy (AdP)
Bde Chemineau: 6e Leger & 69e
Ligne (5 Bns)
Bde Desgraviers: 39e & 76e Ligne
(4 Bns)
3/2e Art a Cheval (Capt Guerrier)
6/4e Art a Pied (Capt Braty)
Division
Guye (AdC)
Bde Merlin: King Joseph's Guard (5
Bns)
Bde Casapalacios: 1e Leger
(Castille), 2e Ligne (Toledo ),
Royal-Etranger (4 Bns)
Guard Horse Battery (Capt Desert )
Division
Montbrun (AdP)
Bde Boyer: 15e & 25e Dragons (4
Sqns)
Bde Curto: 3e Hussards & 22e
Chasseurs a Cheval (6 Sqns)
Bde Vial: 13e & 26e Chasseurs a
Cheval (6 Sqns)
5/5e Art a Cheval (Capt Graillat)
Division
Maupoint (AdN)
Bde ??: 13e Cuirassiers, 5e
Chevauxlegers-Lanciers (6 Sqns)
Bde Kleinwinkel: 1e & 2e
Chev-Leg (Stralsund-Ruegen)
Total
casualties - approx 1000 infantry, 600 cavalry.
Allied
Army - Lt.Gen Sir
Thomas Graham
First
Division (Maj.Gen H Campbell)
H Campbell 's Bde: 1/Coldstream & 1/3rd Ft
Gds
Von Low's Bde: 1st, 2nd & 5th
Line Bns, KGL
Seventh
Division (Lt.Gen Sir John Hope)
Halkett's Bde: 1st & 2nd Lt Bns
KGL & Brunswick-Oels Jaegers
Von Bernewitz's Bde: 51st & 68th
& Chasseurs-Britanniques
McDonald's Troop, RHA
Cavalry
(Maj.Gen Von Bock)
Von Bock's Bde: 1st & 2nd
Dragoons, KGL
Otway's Bde: 1st & 11th
Portuguese Cavalry
Total
casualties - approx 2800 infantry, 1300 cavalry, 5 guns lost.
The pictures, as last time, owe much to my son Nick's efforts - any good shots here are almost certainly his:
The pictures, as last time, owe much to my son Nick's efforts - any good shots here are almost certainly his:
General view of the battlefield at the outset, French on the right
French left flank - the lancers were very poor
French centre and right - Foy's boys at the far end
The French position seen from their right flank
Forlorn Hope? - Sir John with the Seventh Divn
The heavy end of the Allied line - the First Divn on the right
Marmont in the farmyard
French horse artillery contributed well to the attacks
Colin Halkett in the woods with the KGL Lights
Chemineau's brigade go in with the bayonet
Brunswickers in action
KGL Line Infantry
58th (Rutlandshire) and 79th (Camerons)
King Joseph's Guard Horse Artillery
The beginning of the end - the French roll up the Allied left
3eme Hussards mean business
The Result - not a big help for Wellington?
Friday, 1 June 2012
Magnetic Spaniards - and beyond....?
The Sideways Spaniards
Some
months ago, I suddenly realised the usefulness of magnetic sheet for storing
figures safely. The Cupboard had run out of space, and I decided to rehouse my
artillery and support vehicles in A4 box files, lined with steel paper - much
like everyone else does, in fact. My units are all based with rigid plywood or
MDF, and applying self-adhesive mag sheet to the undersides was a lot easier
than I had expected. So I now have 6 boxes full of guns and limbers and pontoon
trains and wagons and all that stuff, and the magnets stick so powerfully that
on occasion (and it makes me a little faint to think of it) I have shown off by
slowly standing the odd box file vertical, so show that the pieces stay firmly
attached. I have, I hasten to add, laid them flat again before the applause
died away.
I have
been very pleased with this exciting new departure (for me - I don't get out
much), and, as The Cupboard determinedly continues to shrink, I have come to
accept that I need to adopt the same approach for some other units, to free up
more space. Next in the queue, I decided, is my Spanish Nationalist army, so I
bought smart blue files for them from Tesco, ordered up some mag sheet and
steel paper from the most excellent Trevor at Magnetic Displays, and spent an
interesting evening preparing the files and applying the mag sheet to the
subunit bases. And in the files they go. Excellent.
Now, of
course, this requires me to separate the (sub)unit bases from the sabots on
which they normally live, and it suddenly became very obvious that if I put a
steel paper patch on each sabot, and re-painted them with baseboard green, my
newly-magnetic Spaniards would sit very firmly thereupon when they came out of
the boxes to fight. So another evening with ruler, pencil and scissors followed,
and - by 'Eck - it works!
I was a
bit worried that even a thin coat of baseboard paint would weaken the magnetic
pull, but it is still fine. I was going to publish a picture of all the units
standing on edge on their sabots but I chickened out. It does work, though -
trust me – there is a single unit at a near-vertical angle in the photo.
And the
point of this further step with the sabots? The point, gentlemen, is that I am
a noted dropper of wargame soldiers. It may be the hated varifocals, it may be
temporary changes in the Earth's gravitational pull, it is most likely
connected with dementia in some form, but I live in constant dread of subunits
sliding off their sabots because I have momentarily lost my artificial horizon.
As the collection get older and more valuable, and as my own ability to repair
or replace them decays, so cruel Nature has me always a little anxious about
accidental damage on the battlefield - or on the floor not far from the
battlefield. The magnets look like they could be the answer. Certainly I could
still drop an entire unit in one go - I haven't thought of a solution for that
one other than not playing with them - but with magnetized bases on a
steel-paper-coated sabot they are very reassuringly solid.
Downsides?
Not much, really - the mag sheet is 0.55mm thick, so the units stand just that much
taller, but the bases are a mixture of 2mm and 3mm anyway, so I can't really
notice - expecially since I am quite a lot taller than the troops, and tend
rather to look down on them (so to speak). This is all so successful that I
have now started pondering whether I should treat all the rest of my units the
same way. The chaps who are still living in The Cupboard would be much easier
to handle safely, and it would be possible to put them in prepared box files
(or whatever) if I need to transport them - a facility I have never had before.
There is the further problem that I have nowhere to transport them to, but that
is a detail, and I might have some friends one day. You never know.
The real
thing to think about is the cost and the labour involved. It also occurs to me
that I have no idea how permanent the magnetic properties of the sheet are, or
- more seriously, perhaps - what is the life expectancy of the self-adhesive
coating. It would be a sad thing to invest a lot of time and beer money in converting my entire collection, and then find that the pads all dropped off as
the adhesive perished. I could, of course, glue them back in place....
Stop it.
I'll
continue to ponder this. There seem to be a lot of advantages, but I'll weigh
it up. At present, not yet having worked out the cost, I am gently
enthusiastic.
To end
with something of a digression, my young son and I have a long-standing private
joke about the Sideways People - this stems from a display that used to be in
our local IKEA store, which had kitchen tables and desks and similar mounted on
the wall, 90 degrees from the vertical, with dishes, cutlery, computers and so
on attached to match. Our theory is that the Sideways People come in at night,
and live their strange, 90-degrees-out-of-phase lives in IKEA when no-one else
is around, though how they could pour milk into the cereal bowls has always
been a puzzle. Anyway, my new enthusiasm for magnetic sheet enters into the
Sideways People fantasy - in theory, it would be possible to fight a small battle
on the fridge door, for example. Not sure I'll rush to try it, but the Sideways
People themselves might see this as a further advantage.
Thursday, 31 May 2012
Hooptedoodle #54 - Ding Dong, the Witch Is Dead
I have,
in the past, made the occasional utterance about time lost to the antivirus
software from McAfee which I pay for as part of my agreement with my Internet
Service Provider.
Things
have got so bad recently that I started having a look at a few of the support
discussion threads for McAfee, and it seems that - though the originators swear
it is now fixed - things went pear-shaped after an upgrade last September. All
over the known world, McAfee's customers are becoming more and more stressed.
At the start of this week, it took eight minutes for me to open a Word document
which I had typed up and saved the previous day - McAfee was checking it. At
various times in the day, even when I am not online, the desktop computer's fan
has been switching on and - there it is - McAfee is suddenly using 90% of
available CPU. No-one knows why, not even McAfee. On Tuesday we had a minor
family problem and I had to find some things out and get stuff arranged quickly
- no go. McAfee wouldn't let me do anything. It was busy.
The final
straw was when I found a suggestion from a member of a support team on one of
the discussion threads, which suggested that the person writing in with the
problem should think about buying a more powerful computer, so they could live
with the demands of their AV software.
As Descartes used to say at breakfast, "Un oeuf is enough". I am, as it
happens, planning to upgrade my desktop machine in a month or two, but it certainly
isn't going to be because McAfee forces me to do so. So I have uninstalled
McAfee - it didn't go willingly, but it is gone. I am now paying for a licence
which I am not using, but to hell with it. I have installed Microsoft Security
Essentials, which is free, and which appears to work nicely and quietly in the
background without drama. It did a full system scan yesterday in a little over
2 hours, which compares favourably with McAfee's recent record of 8 hours. When
the new machine comes, I intend to put McA back in place, but I will remember
that there is an alternative if I need it. In the meantime, I can get on with
things and smile a little smug smile to myself.
There is
a description of computer malware on one of the support sites I was reading,
and part of it says:
"A
virus's primary function is to take control of the computer's operating system
and deny user access to communications and application software"
Seems
strangely familiar - normally you don't have to pay for a licence for it, though.
All together, now, please join in...
Tuesday, 29 May 2012
Viva Villaran - we need more heroes
Castillo las Cuevas, Cebolleros
The
intended joke, and anything else I can think up, vanishes without trace - pales
into invisibilty - compared with this, which I just came across by accident. If
you haven't seen it before, I recommend you have a look. This is the solitary
work of one Serafin Villaran, a welder from Burgos ,
who decided in 1977 to build a castle for himself, at Cebolleros, near Burgos . He died in 1998,
before it was complete, but his family worked to finish it, and it has
become a major tourist attraction locally.
What a monument. What an outrageous, heroic, bloody wonderful monstrosity. Apart from the size, the labour, the humbling devotion, the in-your-face refusal to conform to any known style of historical architecture, the whole thing has a delightfully unhinged quality which I just love.
Some
thoughts, in no particular order:
(1) Wow.
(2) I
want one.
(3) How
did he get planning permission to build it?
(4) What
are archeologists two thousand years from now going to make of it?
Wanted: Time Machine - a Whiff of Foy's 10th Law
Following
on from yesterday's posting on the Solo Campaign, and with particular reference
to the second week of my Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo, I received a comment which
bothered me a little more than I would have expected. For a start, it was
something of a put-down - informative in a way which is clearly intended to
demonstrate the superiority of the informer rather than to provide help. For
another thing, it was anonymous, which I don't care for either, so I didn't
publish it. So there.
I am
reminded of my old Hooptedoodle note about Foy's Tenth Law, which you can find
here if you are interested.
To
clarify a point, I am aware that a siege was a complicated process, involving a
series of formal, defined steps, a lot of science and received methodology, a load
of back-breaking labour and in incredible amount of bravery. I'm certainly not
an expert, but I've read enough to understand roughly how it worked. My
nameless correspondent felt that my reducing something as "immense" as a siege to a
series of "stupid dice rolls and a look-up table" was trivialising an
"important and dingified" [sic?] aspect of warfare in a way which he
considered to be pathetic. My own irritation is probably at least partly due to my
recognising some truth in this(!), but sadly he did not go on to explain how
I could have done a more satisfactory job of fitting open-ended sieges into a
map campaign with a weekly order-cycle. If you're still out there, my friend,
I'd be pleased to hear more.
Monday, 28 May 2012
Solo Campaign - Week 16 - CRUNCH!
Well, Sod's Law raises its ugly head yet again. Just when I'm a bit short of time, this week in the campaign throws up two battles, one divisional-sized one at Malpartida, near Almeida, and one of rather more than twice that size at Allariz, south of Orense. Not sure just when I'll get these games played, but it should be within a week or two - I'll publish the updated army returns and a new map when the battles are done.
In the meantime, the Mathematical Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo has undergone its second week, and the French are making a real mess of the fortress. It proves, once again, that all the science in the world is not as useful as lucky dice.
I haven't written up a narrative summary of Week 16, since it just means writing everything twice (not to mention reading it twice). Here's the nuts-&-bolts report, in exactly the form that I promised not to publish them.
Old Bridge at Allariz
Week 16
Random Events
None.
Housekeeping
The 3D3 activation throws give Allies 5, French 4 – Allies
elect to move first.
As a result of Br.Gen Silveira being sent with the Brunswick hussars to
Almeida, temporary command of the fortress garrison at Elvas devolves to Col. De
Souza of the Abrantes militia (rating 0).
Moves
Allies (5 allowed)
1 – Sp D (Maceta, at Talavera) marches to Toledo .
2 – A (Wellington , at Braga ) rests his force after the march from Orense .
3 – F (Framlingham, at Elvas) detaches a new force, H,
consisting of the Brunswick Hussars under the command of Br.Gen Silveira
(rating 1) of the Portuguese service ...
4 – ...and sends them to join Von Alten at Almeida. The
first leg of this journey is over a difficult road to Abrantes, the march
therefore requires a test:
2D3 = 4 +1 (Silveira’s rating) -1 (brown road) = 4 - the march is completed, but the force arrives
tired in Almeida (which means they will suffer a deduction of 1 die in any
combat).
Church Parade - the militia at Almeida - not a good turnout
5 – The Tomar battalion of Portuguese militia, plus a regular Portuguese Artillery howitzer battery are detached from the garrison of Almeida (Group F), and join Von Alten’s Group C, in the countryside near Almeida.
You mean go out there and face the French?
(Gunner - 4th Portuguese Artillery)
(Gunner - 4th Portuguese Artillery)
[Intelligence step –
- no scouting orders]
French (4 allowed)
1 – O (Clauzel) advances into Portugal , from Ciudad Rodrigo
(which he may pass through, since the fort is under siege) to Almeida, where he
attacks the Anglo-Portuguese Groups C and H (Karl Von Alten)
2 – N (Marmont) marches 1 step from Lugo
to Orense .
Since this is a difficult road (they are all difficult around here), a test is
required:
2D3 = 4 +3 (Marmont’s rating) -1 (brown road) = 6 - the march is completed without problems.
Marmont then attacks Graham’s force (B, and possibly Sp B).
3 – C (D’Orsay’s bde of Bonet’s Divn, Armee du Nord), march
from Valladolid to Salamanca .
[Intelligence step -
- no scouting orders]
Supplies and Demoralisation
All units are in supply. No-one is Demoralised.
Contacts
(1) The siege of Ciudad Rodrigo enters its second week.
The medieval chapel on the Malpartida battlefield
(2) Karl Von Alten, with the Anglo-Portuguese Light Division and the 1st Hussars of the KGL, and now augmented by the
The quarry where they got the stone for the old chapel - might
just get to use CCN's rules for a quarry - always wondered why they were there
He is opposed by Bertrand Clauzel’s Division of the Armee de
Portugal, supported by Picquet’s dragoon brigade and two batteries from the
reserve artillery of the Armee de Portugal. Altogether 10 battalions of infantry
and some 5 squadrons of dragoons (including the formidable 6eme, who recently
wrecked Le Marchant’s British heavy brigade), but some of these are
understrength, and his force is estimated at 6200 infantry, 400 cavalry and 24
guns, all of heavier calibre than the Allied artillery.
The advanced guards are in contact at dawn on Saturday 9th
May – the Battle of Malpartida, as it will become known, is critically
important – if Von Alten loses, Almeida is immediately vulnerable and the road
to Lisbon is threatened. Clauzel has the chance to place his army between the
besieged town of Ciudad Rodrigo and any
relieving force sent by Wellington from Braga .
(3) Marmont’s northern force, advancing from Lugo , is in contact with Graham near Orense . The original agreement between Wellington and the Spanish army was that the town of Orense was to be defended, but Graham has abandoned Orense to the French and adopted a defensive position
closer to the Portuguese border, near the village of Allariz .
In this campaign, whenever a Spanish force is required to
support an Anglo-Portuguese one, a dice is rolled to check the level of
co-ordination. The rule is:
4+ No
problems – full co-ordination
3 Spanish
force arrives late – 1D6 each turn – 5 or 6 they arrive
2 Spanish
force arrives late – 1D6 each turn – 6 they arrive
1 Spanish
force does not arrive
In this case the dice came up 2, so the Conde de Espana’s
little army, which was quartered around Arabaldo on the River Minho, expecting
to be ordered to defend Orense, will take a little while to reach the field. One
imagines a little tension between Graham and the Conde, since Graham has
retreated almost to the border – I had considered making the Spanish force
demoralised, with some deduction from their combat effectiveness, but decided
against it on the grounds that an outnumbered Graham has little enough going
for him already – I may change my mind again, of course.
Marmont’s army consists of Foy’s Divn and about ¾ of the
cavalry of the Armee de Portugal, Guye’s Divn of the Armee du Centre (King
Joseph’s Guard and a brigade of Joseph’s Spanish line troops), plus the entire
cavalry of the Armee du Nord – about 5 regiments including the 13e Cuirassiers.
His total force is estimated at about 17850 men with 24 guns. He has a
considerable superiority in cavalry.
Graham, without De Espana, has the Allied First and Seventh
Divns, plus the cavalry brigades of Von Bock (KGL dragoons) and Otway
(Portuguese). Total is about 11500 men with 12 guns.
De Espana has about 6000 men, of whom a proportion are
voluntarios (classed as militia), and 2 batteries, which between them have 10
guns.
The battle of Allariz takes place on Friday 8th
May.
Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (Week 2)
Bombardment
phase: Spanish now have a Garrison Value (GV) of 4, thus roll 4D6 - they come
up 6 3 2 1 – the 6 reduces the attackers' Battering Value (BV) by 1, but there
are no 5s, so no losses from the besiegers’ Assault Value (AV).
Simultaneously,
the French battering guns (BV = 5) roll 5D6 – 6 6 5 3 3 (once again, the French
siege batteries are good/lucky) – each 6 deducts one from the defenders’ Fortress
Value (FV, the strength of the place itself), and the 5 deducts one from their Garrison
Value (GV).
Removing the losses, next week’s figures will be FV = 2, GV
= 3 (total = 5) for the Spanish, while AV = 7, BV = 4 for the French. The walls
are not looking good – a storm is becoming a distinct possibility, but the French
– confident that they have another week before the Allies can interrupt them
with any kind of relieving effort – decide to continue bombardment for a
further week. They do, however, summon the fortress to surrender. One of
Marshal Jourdan’s aides, Col. Alfonse-Maurice-Louis Merveilleux, is sent on 10th
May under a flag of truce with a letter from Jourdan for the governor, General
Hermogenes Reixas, requesting that he lower the Spanish flag within one hour.
Merveilleux is returned, unharmed, but trussed up with rope, with a dead
chicken hanging around his neck. Despite this additional provocation, no storm is
attempted.
Casualties for the week: Spanish defenders have lost 1/4 of
their GV, so have lost 1/10 x 1/4 of the remaining 2320 men engaged, which is 58
men killed and wounded. Again, loss in combat effectiveness is proportionately far
higher, and the walls of the town are in a sorry state. French besiegers suffered
no deduction from their AV, so their strength is unchanged at 16330. This does
not mean, of course, that no-one was hurt – it simply means that returns from
hospital and so forth cancel out any new losses.
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